A Proposed Framework and Lexicon for Cancer Prevention.

SUMMARY: Cancer prevention is central to efforts to control the burden of cancer. We propose a new terminology framework to help guide these efforts and promote a key equity principle: "equal care for equal risk."

The Biden Cancer Moonshot: American Progress, Global Commitment.

SUMMARY: The Biden Cancer Moonshot is mobilizing efforts toward achieving two clear goals that President Joe Biden and First Lady Jill Biden set: prevent more than 4 million cancer deaths by 2047 and improve the experience of people who are touched by cancer. To achieve these ambitious but achievable goals, the Biden Cancer Moonshot is driving progress across the cancer journey utilizing all facets of the oncology community - federal agencies, and departments, private companies, healthcare providers, patient groups, and philanthropies - to end cancer as we know it here in the United States and all around the world.

NCI Resources for Cancer Immunoprevention Research.

Cancer prevention and early detection, the first two of the eight primary goals of the National Cancer Plan released in April 2023, are at the forefront of the nation's strategic efforts to reduce cancer incidence and mortality. The Division of Cancer Prevention (DCP) of the NCI is the federal government's principal component devoted to promoting and supporting innovative cancer prevention research. Recent advances in tumor immunology, cancer immunotherapy, and vaccinology strongly suggest that the host immune system can be effectively harnessed to elicit protective immunity against the development of cancer, that is, cancer immunoprevention. Cancer immunoprevention may be most effective if the intervention is given before or early in the carcinogenic process while the immune system remains relatively uncompromised. DCP has increased the emphasis on immunoprevention research in recent years and continues to expand program resources and interagency collaborations designed to facilitate research in the immunoprevention field. These resources support a wide array of basic, translational, and clinical research activities, including discovery, development, and validation of biomarkers for cancer risk assessment and early detection (Early Detection Research Network), elucidation of biological and pathophysiological mechanistic determinants of precancer growth and its control (Translational and Basic Science Research in Early Lesions), spatiotemporal multiomics characterization of precancerous lesions (Human Tumor Atlas Network/Pre-Cancer Atlas), discovery of immunoprevention pathways and immune targets (Cancer Immunoprevention Network), and preclinical and clinical development of novel agents for immunoprevention and interception (Cancer Prevention-Interception Targeted Agent Discovery Program, PREVENT Cancer Preclinical Drug Development Program, and Cancer Prevention Clinical Trials Network).

An Integrated Cancer Prevention Strategy: the Viewpoint of the Leon Berard Comprehensive Cancer Center Lyon, France.

This article describes some of the key prevention services in the Leon Berard Comprehensive Cancer Center (CLB) Lyon, France, which are based on clinical prevention services, outreach activities, and collaboration with professional and territorial health communities. In addition, research is embedded at all stages of the prevention continuum, from understanding cancer causes through to the implementation of prevention interventions during and after cancer. Health promotion activities in the community and dedicated outpatient primary cancer prevention services for individuals at increased risk have been implemented. The CLB's experience illustrates how prevention can be integrated into the comprehensive mission of cancer centers, and how in turn, the cancer centers may contribute to bridging the current fragmentation between cancer care and the different components of primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention. With increasing cancer incidence, the shift toward integrated prevention-centered cancer care is not only key for improving population health, but this may also provide a response to the shortage of hospital staff and overcrowding in cancer services, as well as offer opportunities to reduce carbon emissions from cancer care.

Unlocking cancer vaccine potential: What are the key factors?

Cancer is a global health challenge, with changing demographics and lifestyle factors producing an increasing burden worldwide. Screening advancements are enabling earlier diagnoses, but current cancer immunotherapies only induce remission in a small proportion of patients and come at a high cost. Cancer vaccines may offer a solution to these challenges, but they have been mired by poor results in past decades. Greater understanding of tumor biology, coupled with the success of vaccine technologies during the COVID-19 pandemic, has reinvigorated cancer vaccine development. With the first signs of efficacy being reported, cancer vaccines may be beginning to fulfill their potential. Solid tumors, however, present different hurdles than infectious diseases. Combining insights from previous cancer vaccine clinical development and contemporary knowledge of tumor immunology, we ask: who are the 'right' patients, what are the 'right' targets, and which are the 'right' modalities to maximize the chances of cancer vaccine success?

Soy Product Consumption and the Risk of Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies.

BACKGROUND: The association between soy product consumption and cancer risk varies among studies. Therefore, this comprehensive meta-analysis of observational studies examines the association between soy product consumption and total cancer risk. METHODS: This study was conducted following the PRISMA guidelines. Up to October 2023, all eligible published studies were searched through PubMed and Web of Science databases. RESULTS: A total of 52 studies on soy product consumption were included in this meta-analysis (17 cohort studies and 35 case-control studies). High consumption of total soy products (RR: 0.69; 95% CI: 0.60, 0.80), tofu (RR: 0.78; 95% CI: 0.70, 0.86), and soymilk (RR: 0.75; 95% CI: 0.60, 0.93) were associated with reduced total cancer risk. No association was found between high consumption of fermented soy products (RR: 1.18; 95% CI: 0.95, 1.47), non-fermented soy products (RR: 0.95; 95% CI: 0.77, 1.18), soy paste (RR: 1.00; 95% CI: 0.88, 1.14), miso soup (RR: 0.99; 95% CI: 0.87, 1.12), or natto (RR: 0.96; 95% CI: 0.82, 1.11) and cancer risk. A 54 g per day increment of total soy products reduced cancer risk by 11%, a 61 g per day increment of tofu reduced cancer risk by 12%, and a 23 g per day increment of soymilk reduced cancer risk by 28%, while none of the other soy products were associated with cancer risk. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that high total soy product consumption, especially soymilk and tofu, is associated with lower cancer risk. More prospective cohort studies are still needed to confirm the causal relationship between soy product consumption and cancer risk.

A Review on Protease Inhibitors of Herbal Origin to Combat Malignancy.

Protease is the enzyme accountable for the breakdown of proteins i.e., proteolysis. Proteases are reportedly involved in the events of growth, development, progression and metastasis of cancers. If any agent could inhibit/retard the protease enzyme, i.e., protease inhibitor, it would arrest the cancer; thus indicating the significance of exploring protease inhibitors for latest anti-malignant drug discovery. Higher plants are the rich sources of different protease inhibitors that are effective against several types of malignancies both at preclinical and clinical stages. Natural protease inhibitors of herbal origin have both cancer chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic properties together with inhibitory activity against different types of pertinent proteases. Clinically, these herbal agents are found to be safe unlike the synthetic antineoplastic agents. Further studies in this direction are necessary in pursuit of newer generation drugs without adverse reactions for the prevention and treatment of malignancies.

Cancer prevention in people experiencing homelessness: ethical considerations and experiences from the CANCERLESS project.

The incidence of cancer in Europe has been increasing in recent years. Despite this, cancer prevention has remained a low priority in health policies. Cancer is one of the main causes of mortality among people experiencing homelessness, who continue to have difficulties accessing prevention programs. A strategy that has been tested to favor cancer prevention is the health navigator figure. The objective of CANCERLESS project is to implement this model among populations experiencing homelessness in four European countries to foster the prevention and early detection of cancer. In this perspective, a presentation of CANCERLESS project is made, and its ethical aspects are discussed according to the ethics of public health, the ethics of care, solidarity, relational autonomy, and the social recognition of the virtue of just generosity. The ethical foundations of CANCERLESS project are rooted in social justice and in equity in access to health systems in general and cancer screening programs in particular. The ethics of public health guided by utilitarianism are insufficient in serving the interests of the most disadvantaged groups of the population. Hence, it is necessary to resort to relational bioethics that includes the ethics of care and solidarity and that recognizes the moral identity of socially excluded persons, reaffirming their position of equality in society. Relational autonomy therefore provides a broader conception by including the influence of living conditions in decisions. For this reason, the CANCERLESS project opts for a dialogue with those affected to incorporate their preferences and values into decisions about cancer prevention.

Identifying predictors of COVID-related delays in cancer-specific medical care.

PURPOSE: Evidence of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cancer prevention and control is growing, but little is known about patient-level factors associated with delayed care. We analyzed data from a survey focused on Iowan cancer patients' COVID-19 experiences in the early part of the pandemic. METHODS: Participants were recruited from the University of Iowa Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center's Patients Enhancing Research Collaborations at Holden (PERCH) program. We surveyed respondents on demographic characteristics, COVID-19 experiences and reactions, and delays in any cancer-related health care appointment, or cancer-related treatment appointments. Two-sided significance tests assessed differences in COVID-19 experiences and reactions between those who experienced delays and those who did not. RESULTS: There were 780 respondents (26% response), with breast, prostate, kidney, skin, and colorectal cancers representing the majority of respondents. Delays in cancer care were reported by 29% of respondents. In multivariable-adjusted models, rural residents (OR 1.47; 95% CI 1.03, 2.11) and those experiencing feelings of isolation (OR 2.18; 95% CI 1.37, 3.47) were more likely to report any delay, where experiencing financial difficulties predicted delays in treatment appointments (OR 5.72; 95% CI 1.96, 16.67). Health insurance coverage and concern about the pandemic were not statistically significantly associated with delays. CONCLUSION: These findings may inform cancer care delivery during periods of instability when treatment may be disrupted by informing clinicians about concerns that patients have during the treatment process. Future research should assess whether delays in cancer care impact long-term cancer outcomes and whether delays exacerbate existing disparities in cancer outcomes.

Probing the Potential: Exploring Probiotics as a Novel Frontier in Cancer Prevention and Therapeutics.

Cancer has emerged as one of the most prevalent diseases worldwide, with a consistent rise in the number of cases observed over the past few decades. The rising mortality rates associated with cancer have transformed it into a significant global challenge. Despite the presence of various anti-cancer drugs, the complete eradication of cancer remains an elusive goal. The numerous undesirable effects associated with cancer therapy further emphasize the importance of developing an alternative technique of cancer treatment. Recent research has established the beneficial effects of a probiotic diet or supplementation against cancer without displaying any detrimental consequences. An alteration in the gut microbiome balance in humans can result in the development of various diseases, including cancer. Probiotics play a pivotal role in restoring the balance of gut flora, potentially contributing to cancer prevention. Furthermore, they have the capacity to curb the invasion and dissemination of infections that carry the risk of triggering cancer. Probiotics can combat cancer in various ways, such as by eliciting and boosting the immune response, secreting metabolites, preventing cancer cells from metastasizing, inhibiting carcinogenic chemicals, and mitigating their toxicity, etc. The present review intends to outline the significance of probiotics and their underlying mechanisms in combating various cancer types. Additionally, this review highlights the benefits of probiotic use in pre- and post-operative cancer patients.

Next Generation Weight Loss Drugs for the Prevention of Cancer?

Background: Western populations are losing the battle over healthy weight management, and excess body weight is a notable cancer risk factor at the population level. There is ongoing interest in pharmacological interventions aimed at promoting weight loss, including GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RA), which may be a useful tool to stem the rising tide of obesity-related cancers. Purpose: To investigate the potential of next generation weight loss drugs (NGWLD) like GLP-1RA in population-level chemoprevention.Research Design: We used the OncoSim microsimulation tool to estimate the population-level reductions in obesity and the potentially avoidable obesity-related cancers in Canada over the next 25 years.Results: We estimated a total of 71 281 preventable cancers by 2049, with 36 235 and 35 046 cancers prevented for females and males, respectively. Among the 327 254 total projected cancer cases in 2049, 1.3% are estimated to be preventable through intervention with NGWLD.Conclusions: Pharmacologic intervention is not the ideal solution for the obesity-related cancer crisis. However, these agents and subsequent generations provide an additional tool to rapidly reduce body weight and adiposity in populations that have been extremely challenging to reduce weight with standard diet and exercise approaches. Additional research is needed around approaches to prevent initial weight gain and maintain long-term weight loss.

Determinants of cancer screenings participation in Queensland: a scoping review.

Introduction Cancer screening programmes for cervical, breast, and colorectal cancer have successfully reduced mortality rates among target groups. However, a large proportion of women and men are unscreened. Aim This review aims to provide an overview of the literature regarding the determinants of cancer screening participation among target groups in Queensland. Methods Electronic databases were searched for studies on determinants of cancer screening participation in Queensland. Retrieved studies were screened, and eligible articles were selected for data extraction. Both peer-reviewed and grey literature studies were included. The determinants of cancer screening participation were classified according to the I-Change model. Results Sixteen out of 75 articles were selected and analysed. Information factors, such as the lack of tailored strategies, determined cancer screening participation. Age, gender, cultural beliefs, fear and past experiences were the most reported predisposing factors to cancer screening participation. Lack of knowledge, misconceptions, low awareness, timely access to service, privacy and confidentiality were mainly reported awareness and motivation factors. Encouragement from health professionals, providing more information and interactions with communities would result in different effects on cancer screening participation among the target groups. Discussion The I-Change model is a valuable tool in mapping the current determinants of cancer screening participation programs. Further research may be needed to fully understand the barriers and facilitators of cancer screening programs.

Cancer control collaborations between China and African countries.

Over the past decade, China has emerged as Africa's largest trade partner and source of foreign direct investment, with public health ranked as a top priority in China-Africa collaborations. During the same period, cancer has emerged as a leading cause of death in Africa, with more than 700 000 deaths per year and projections of more than 1 million deaths per year by 2030. In this Review, we explore the effects of increasing China-Africa collaborations on cancer control in Africa. We review the published literature on health-care assistance, research, education and training, and infrastructure and present the results of an institutional review board-approved survey of African oncology health-care professionals and institutional leaders that assessed their perception of the effects of China-Africa collaborations. From peer-reviewed articles and grey literature, we found that the number of China-Africa collaborations have grown substantially over the past decade in different areas, especially in patient care and infrastructure. Research publications have also surged in quantity in the past decade compared with previous years. However, the survey results suggest research collaborations remain infrequent and that medical professionals in African cancer centres rarely participate in direct research collaborations with Chinese institutions. The Review also highlights the challenges and benefits of increasing China-Africa collaborations. Challenges include insufficient monitoring and evaluation of the projects in Africa and poor coordination and alignment of the various initiatives. The benefits of these collaborations for Africa include improved health outcomes, strengthened health systems, and socioeconomic development. Benefits are also apparent for China, such as securing energy and resource supplies, expanded trade and investment opportunities, and improved diplomatic relations. Overall, China-Africa collaborations are increasing and having a substantial effect in both China and the African continent. Recommendations to minimise the challenges and maximise the benefits for more positive consequences on cancer control in Africa are discussed.

Prospects of molecular hydrogen in cancer prevention and treatment.

Gas signaling molecules, including carbon monoxide (CO), nitric oxide (NO), and hydrogen sulfide (H2S), have been shown to have cancer therapeutic potential, pointing to a new direction for cancer treatment. In recent years, a series of studies have confirmed that hydrogen (H2), a weakly reductive gas, also has therapeutic effects on various cancers and can mitigate oxidative stress caused by radiation and chemotherapy, reducing tissue damage and immunosuppression to improve prognosis. Meanwhile, H2 also has immunomodulatory effects, inhibiting T cell exhaustion and enhancing T cell anti-tumor function. It is worth noting that human intestinal flora can produce large amounts of H2 daily, which becomes a natural barrier to maintaining the body's resistance to diseases such as tumors. Although the potential anti-tumor mechanisms of H2 are still to be investigated, previous studies have shown that H2 can selectively scavenge highly toxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inhibit various ROS-dependent signaling pathways in cancer cells, thus inhibiting cancer cell proliferation and metastasis. The ROS scavenging ability of H2 may also be the underlying mechanism of its immunomodulatory function. In this paper, we review the significance of H2 produced by intestinal flora on the immune homeostasis of the body, the role of H2 in cancer therapy and the underlying mechanisms, and the specific application of H2 to provide new ideas for the comprehensive treatment of cancer patients.

Equipping Faith-Based Communities for Cancer Support Ministry: A Pilot Study of Cancer Support Training for Members of African-American Churches in the USA.

Church-academic partnerships focused on cancer, generally target cancer screening and prevention, with few focusing explicitly on cancer survivors. With the population of cancer survivors steadily increasing, highlighting the value of faith-based cancer support ministry is paramount. However, many churches may not have the resources to integrate relevant cancer support ministry and may need to identify ways to reach cancer survivors. We piloted cancer support training to help church members to start a cancer support ministry with African-American churches in Milwaukee, WI. We sought to measure the feasibility of a two-day training workshop to build the capacity of churches through recruiting and training church members on how to foster social support and to disseminate cancer information and resources throughout their churches. Our study was guided by the social networks and social support framework, which we applied to cancer survivorship. Our study supports the feasibility of engaging churches in a virtual training to support the development of cancer support ministries to address the needs of African-American cancer survivors. Based on our recruitment success, workshop attendance, evaluation and retention, our results suggest that a two-day workshop was successful in facilitating the initiation of cancer support ministries within African-American churches.

Reducing Alcohol Use to Prevent Cancer Deaths: Estimated Effects Among U.S. Adults.

INTRODUCTION: The Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2020-2025 recommends non-drinking or no more than 2 drinks for men or 1 drink for women in a day. However, even at lower levels, alcohol use increases the risk for certain cancers. This study estimated mean annual alcohol-attributable cancer deaths and the number of cancer deaths that could potentially be prevented if all U.S. adults who drank in excess of the Dietary Guidelines had instead consumed alcohol to correspond with typical consumption of those who drink within the recommended limits. METHODS: Among U.S. residents aged ≥20 years, mean annual alcohol-attributable cancer deaths during 2020-2021 that could have been prevented with hypothetical reductions in alcohol use were estimated. Mean daily alcohol consumption prevalence estimates from the 2020-2021 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, adjusted to per capita alcohol sales to address underreporting of drinking, were applied to relative risks to calculate population-attributable fractions for cancers that can occur from drinking alcohol. Analyses were conducted during February-April 2023. RESULTS: In the U.S., an estimated 20,216 cancer deaths were alcohol-attributable/year during 2020-2021 (men: 14,562 [72.0%]; women: 5,654 [28.0%]). Approximately 16,800 deaths (83% of alcohol-attributable cancer deaths, 2.8% of all cancer deaths) could have been prevented/year if adults who drank alcohol in excess of the Dietary Guidelines had instead reduced their consumption to ≤2 drinks/day for men or ≤1 drink/day for women. Approximately 650 additional deaths could have been prevented annually if men consumed 1 drink/day, instead of 2. CONCLUSIONS: Implementing evidence-based alcohol policies (e.g., increasing alcohol taxes, regulating alcohol outlet density) to decrease drinking could reduce alcohol-attributable cancers, complementing clinical interventions.

Advances and challenges in cancer immunoprevention and immune interception.

Invasive cancers typically evade immune surveillance through profound local and systemic immunosuppression, preventing their elimination or control. Targeting immune interventions to prevent or intercept premalignant lesions, before significant immune dysregulation has occurred, may be a more successful strategy. The field of cancer immune interception and prevention is nascent, and the scientific community has been slow to embrace this potentially most rational approach to reducing the global burden of cancer. This may change due to recent promising advances in cancer immunoprevention including the use of vaccines for the prevention of viral cancers, the use of cancer-associated antigen vaccines in the setting of precancers, and the development of cancer-preventative vaccines for high-risk individuals who are healthy but carry cancer-associated heritable genetic mutations. Furthermore, there is increasing recognition of the importance of cancer prevention and interception by national cancer organizations. The National Cancer Institute (NCI) recently released the National Cancer Plan, which includes cancer prevention among the top priorities of the institute. The NCI's Division of Cancer Prevention has been introducing new funding opportunities for scientists with an interest in the field of cancer prevention: The Cancer Prevention-Interception Targeted Agent Discovery Program and The Cancer Immunoprevention Network. Moreover, the Human Tumor Atlas Network is spearheading the development of a precancer atlas to better understand the biology of pre-invasive changes, including the tissue microenvironment and the underlying genetics that drive carcinogenesis. These data will inform the development of novel immunoprevention/immuno-interception strategies. International cancer foundations have also started recognizing immunoprevention and immune interception with the American Association for Cancer Research, Cancer Research UK and the Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer each implementing programming focused on this area. This review will present recent advances, opportunities, and challenges in the emerging field of cancer immune prevention and immune interception.

Global Equity in Clinical Trials: An ASCO Policy Statement.

ASCO is a global professional society representing more than 50,000 physicians, other health care professionals, and advocates in over 100 countries specializing in cancer treatment, diagnosis, prevention, and advocacy. ASCO strives, through research, education, and promotion of the highest quality of patient care, to create a world where cancer is prevented or cured, and every survivor is healthy. In this pursuit, health equity remains the guiding institutional principle that applies to all its activities across the cancer care continuum. This ASCO policy statement emphasizes the urgent need for global equity in clinical trials, aiming to enhance access and representation in cancer research as it not only improves cancer outcomes but also upholds principles of fairness and justice in health care.